Nanocellulose Extraction from Biomass Waste: Unlocking Sustainable Pathways for Biomedical Applications

The escalating global waste crisis necessitates innovative solutions. This study investigates the sustainable production of nanocellulose from biomass waste and its biomedical applications. Cellulose-rich materials–including wood, textiles, agricultural residues, and food by-products–were systematically processed using alkaline, acid, and oxidative pretreatments to enhance fiber accessibility. Mechanical techniques, such as grinding and homogenization, combined with chemical methods like acid hydrolysis and 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation, were employed to successfully isolate nanocellulose. Post-treatment modifications, including surface coating and cross-linking, further tailored its properties for specific applications. The results demonstrated nanocellulose's biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional versatility. In wound healing, it enhanced moisture management and exhibited antimicrobial properties. Its high surface area facilitated efficient drug loading and controlled release in drug delivery applications. Nanocellulose bioinks supported cell proliferation in 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering. Additional applications in biosensors and personal care products were also identified. This study advances sustainable materials science, aligning resource conservation with circular economy principles to address biomedical sector needs.