Modulating neuroplasticity for chronic pain relief: noninvasive neuromodulation as a promising approach

Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating neuroplastic disorder that notably impacts the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. This complex condition, encompassing various manifestations, such as sciatica, diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia, arises from nerve damage or malfunctions in pain processing pathways and involves various biological, physiological and psychological processes. Maladaptive neuroplasticity, known as central sensitization, plays a critical role in the persistence of chronic neuropathic pain. Current treatments for neuropathic pain include pharmacological interventions (for example, antidepressants and anticonvulsants), invasive procedures (for example, deep brain stimulation) and physical therapies. However, these approaches often have limitations and potential side effects. In light of these challenges, interest in noninvasive neuromodulation techniques as alternatives or complementary treatments for neuropathic pain is increasing. These methods aim to induce analgesia while reversing maladaptive plastic changes, offering potential advantages over conventional pharmacological practices and invasive methods. Recent technological advancements have spurred the exploration of noninvasive neuromodulation therapies, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial ultrasound stimulation, as well as innovative transformations of invasive techniques into noninvasive methods at both the preclinical and clinical levels. Here this review aims to critically examine the mechanisms of maladaptive neuroplasticity in chronic neuropathic pain and evaluate the efficacy of noninvasive neuromodulation techniques in pain relief. By focusing on optimizing these techniques, we can better assess their short-term and long-term effects, refine treatment variables and ultimately improve the quality of neuropathic pain management. Chronic neuropathic pain is a serious health issue affecting many people worldwide. It results from nerve damage and involves complex changes in the nervous system, making it difficult to treat. Researchers are exploring new ways to manage this pain by focusing on neuroplasticity. This study reviews noninvasive techniques that aim to modulate neuroplasticity to alleviate chronic pain. The authors examined various noninvasive methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and ultrasound, which target specific brain areas involved in pain processing. These techniques can alter neural activity without surgery, offering a safer alternative to traditional treatments. The findings suggest that these methods can reduce pain by influencing neural circuits and promoting beneficial changes in the brain. However, the effects are often temporary, highlighting the need for further research to develop long-lasting solutions. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.