Exploring enzyme–MOF (metal–organic framework) catalytic systems: trade-offs between enzyme activity and MOF stability

Enzymes are highly efficient natural catalysts widely used in green biocatalysis, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, their industrial applications are often limited by high costs, poor stability, and low activity. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their exceptional porosity, structural stability, and customizable properties, present a sustainable solution for enzyme immobilization, significantly enhancing stability, reusability, and catalytic efficiency in sustainable green processes. The stability of MOFs often relies on harsh synthesis conditions, while maintaining enzyme activity necessitates natural mild environments. Despite significant research efforts to improve enzymatic performance within MOFs, the trade-offs between MOF stability and enzyme activity in enzyme–MOF hybrid systems remain only partially understood. This review underscores the critical importance of achieving this balance, summarizes the key factors and interactions within enzymes@MOF systems, and provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements aimed at striking this equilibrium, thereby fostering the development of sustainable green catalytic technologies.