Analysis of the Ocean–Atmosphere Interface in the Brazil Current Region

The Brazil current (BC) is a westerly current that flows south along the Brazilian coast, being part of the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS). Recent studies have indicated a trend towards intensification and a shift to the south of the region where this current predominates. We analysed the seasonality of the relationship between atmospheric variables and sea surface temperature (SST) with potential trends and changes in the spatio-temporal pattern of these variables from 1980 to 2020 over the BCs area in the South Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, monthly data on SST, air temperature at 2 m above the surface (T2M), mean sea level pressure (MSLP), zonal wind (U10) and meridional wind (V10), obtained from ERA5 reanalysis, were used. Descriptive statistical analyses, trends using the Mann-Kendall test, correlation matrices and Pettitt's test revealed a significant spatial correlation between the variables, with temporal trends of variation, especially over the BCs area. The meridional (zonal) wind predominantly exhibited a north–south (west–east) direction, supporting the hypothesis that the study region was displaced. Additionally, statistically significant positive trends were observed for SST (0.02°C ∙ dec⁻¹ in austral autumn, winter and spring and 0.01°C ∙ dec⁻¹ in austral summer), T2M (0.02°C ∙ dec⁻¹ in austral winter and spring), MSLP (0.05°C ∙ dec⁻¹ in austral autumn) and negative for U10 (−0.01°C ∙ dec⁻¹ in austral spring). Pettitt's test results confirm significant changes in the behaviour of most analysed variables from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. The post-breakpoint periods of the variables consistently showed above-average values compared to the pre-breakpoint periods, supporting positive upward trends consistent with literature findings. In particular, they highlight the notable upward slope in SST in the BC region.