Revealing global supply risk of critical minerals essential for low-carbon energy technologies

The rapid advancement of global low-carbon energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, poses significant challenges in maintaining a sustainable and secure supply of critical minerals essential for these technologies. In this study, we develop a supply risk assessment model for 37 minerals associated with 12 low-carbon energy technologies. Results reveal that Indium (In) is at the highest risk of supply disruption among the minerals studied. It is followed by Arsenic (As), Aluminum (Al), and Silicon (Si), which are particularly crucial for photovoltaic technology. Additionally, rare earth minerals are notably at risk within the context of wind power technology. Among the 12 low-carbon energy technologies assessed, wind power exhibits the highest supply risk. Within wind power technology, the direct-drive systems present the greatest risk among its four subcategories. To mitigate the risks related to the supply of critical minerals for global low-carbon energy technologies, we recommend promoting technological innovation, enhancing government support, fostering international business development, and encouraging cooperation between enterprises and nations.