The use of performance-based outcomes in achieving better global harmonisation in the care and use of animals in research.

Animal research remains a crucial component in our efforts to enhance both human and animal health. To better ensure research reproducibility and welfare of animals in research, harmonisation must be improved globally. This review explores the current state of harmonisation in animal research and the associated challenges, along with the roles of existing animal welfare principles, legislative guidelines, codes of practice, international and national organizations, and professional bodies in facilitating harmonisation. We discuss the current obstacles to harmonisation and suggest a performance-based solution. Examples of attainable performance-based outcomes are examined, encompassing areas such as ethical review and oversight, animal housing, environment, training, veterinary care, experimental design and reporting, and openness/transparency in research. In conclusion, the establishment of harmonised performance standards and the promotion of performance-based outcomes hold the potential to significantly improve global animal welfare in research and contribute to scientific advancement.