The Role of Microglia in Perioperative Pain and Pain Treatment: Recent Advances in Research.

Microglia play a crucial role in monitoring the microenvironment of the central nervous system. Over the past decade, the role of microglia in the field of pain has gradually been unraveled. Microglia activation not only releases proinflammatory factors that enhance nociceptive signaling, but also participates in the resolving of pain. Opioids induce microglia activation, which enhances phagocytic activity and release of neurotoxic substances. Conversely, microglia activation reduces opioid efficacy and results in opioid tolerance. The application of microglia research to clinical pain management and drug development is a promising but challenging area. Microglia-targeted therapies may provide new avenues for pain management.