Determining soot particle properties by Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) in laminar flames

Soot formation in flames remains a central topic for both the combustion and atmospheric science communities. Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII), an effective optical technique for in-situ and online measurement of soot particle properties in laminar flames, has continued to advance following previous reviews of the LII technique. While the classical TiRe-LII technique focuses on deriving information from temporal decay data, this work reviews its extended applications, such as measuring additional soot particle properties (e.g., the absorption function) in laminar flames. Furthermore, the review highlights recovery strategies for determining primary particle size distributions, emphasizing the adaptability of experimental system design and strategy development to specific experimental conditions. The study concludes that TiRe-LII serves as an effective tool for unveiling the maturity of soot particles, leveraging prior knowledge of input parameters. The article also delves into the uncertainties analysis associated with TiRe-LII. Furthermore, the discussion encompasses advancements and limitations in TiRe-LII measurement, considering various applications scenarios, temporal and spatial resolutions. The article provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of soot particle measurement with TiRe-LII, outlining potential directions for further research and development. This work aims to serve as a valuable resource for practitioners, researchers, and engineers engaged in combustion studies and environmental monitoring.