Liang Guo, Yuanyuan Ding, Haisong Fang, Chunxue An, Guangcai Wang, Hairu Mao, Nuan Yang
{"title":"柴达木盆地格尔木河流域的区域变化与水化学演化：自组织图与多元统计方法的结合","authors":"Liang Guo, Yuanyuan Ding, Haisong Fang, Chunxue An, Guangcai Wang, Hairu Mao, Nuan Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12145-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Regional hydrochemical variations and their evolution mechanisms have been a common concern for a long time, especially in fragile ecological areas such as the Qaidam Basin. However, previous studies have conducted hydrochemical investigations mostly based on aquifer properties or geomorphic conditions to reveal hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms. In this study, we systemically collected and investigated hydrochemical characteristics by integrating machine learning algorithms and multivariate statistical analyses to unravel regional variability and evolutionary processes along the groundwater flow in the Qaidam Basin. The results deciphered more detailed and data-driven regional hydrochemical patterns. The hydrochemical type evolved from HCO<sub>3</sub>·Cl-Ca·Mg·Na type in the recharge area to Cl-Mg·Na type in the distal discharge area and displayed a two-step variation, characterized by the accumulation of ionic components. A total of 8 clusters were identified from the SOM-KM output, representing distinct hydrochemical characteristics. Surface water and underground water showed similar hydrochemical evolutionary paths. The predominant hydrochemical process shifted from water–rock interaction to evaporation and concentration along the groundwater flow path. Cation exchange reactions were responsible for abnormal Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> ratio and asynchronous Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> variations. We obtained a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the regional hydrochemical variations and evolutionary processes within the Golmud River Watershed. This study showed that combining novel data mining techniques and traditional hydrochemical approaches has great potential and promising prospects regarding the hydrochemical variation and evolution mechanism based on hydrochemical traits. The outcomes of this study are significant for hydrochemical evolution mechanisms and groundwater management in arid areas worldwide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Regional variations and hydrochemical evolution in Golmud River Watershed (Qaidam Basin, China): an integration of self-organizing maps and multi-statistic approaches\",\"authors\":\"Liang Guo, Yuanyuan Ding, Haisong Fang, Chunxue An, Guangcai Wang, Hairu Mao, Nuan Yang\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12665-025-12145-z\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Regional hydrochemical variations and their evolution mechanisms have been a common concern for a long time, especially in fragile ecological areas such as the Qaidam Basin. However, previous studies have conducted hydrochemical investigations mostly based on aquifer properties or geomorphic conditions to reveal hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms. In this study, we systemically collected and investigated hydrochemical characteristics by integrating machine learning algorithms and multivariate statistical analyses to unravel regional variability and evolutionary processes along the groundwater flow in the Qaidam Basin. The results deciphered more detailed and data-driven regional hydrochemical patterns. The hydrochemical type evolved from HCO<sub>3</sub>·Cl-Ca·Mg·Na type in the recharge area to Cl-Mg·Na type in the distal discharge area and displayed a two-step variation, characterized by the accumulation of ionic components. A total of 8 clusters were identified from the SOM-KM output, representing distinct hydrochemical characteristics. Surface water and underground water showed similar hydrochemical evolutionary paths. The predominant hydrochemical process shifted from water–rock interaction to evaporation and concentration along the groundwater flow path. Cation exchange reactions were responsible for abnormal Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> ratio and asynchronous Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> variations. We obtained a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the regional hydrochemical variations and evolutionary processes within the Golmud River Watershed. This study showed that combining novel data mining techniques and traditional hydrochemical approaches has great potential and promising prospects regarding the hydrochemical variation and evolution mechanism based on hydrochemical traits. The outcomes of this study are significant for hydrochemical evolution mechanisms and groundwater management in arid areas worldwide.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":542,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Earth Sciences\",\"volume\":\"84 5\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-02-28\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Earth Sciences\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-025-12145-z\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Earth Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-025-12145-z","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Regional variations and hydrochemical evolution in Golmud River Watershed (Qaidam Basin, China): an integration of self-organizing maps and multi-statistic approaches
Regional hydrochemical variations and their evolution mechanisms have been a common concern for a long time, especially in fragile ecological areas such as the Qaidam Basin. However, previous studies have conducted hydrochemical investigations mostly based on aquifer properties or geomorphic conditions to reveal hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms. In this study, we systemically collected and investigated hydrochemical characteristics by integrating machine learning algorithms and multivariate statistical analyses to unravel regional variability and evolutionary processes along the groundwater flow in the Qaidam Basin. The results deciphered more detailed and data-driven regional hydrochemical patterns. The hydrochemical type evolved from HCO3·Cl-Ca·Mg·Na type in the recharge area to Cl-Mg·Na type in the distal discharge area and displayed a two-step variation, characterized by the accumulation of ionic components. A total of 8 clusters were identified from the SOM-KM output, representing distinct hydrochemical characteristics. Surface water and underground water showed similar hydrochemical evolutionary paths. The predominant hydrochemical process shifted from water–rock interaction to evaporation and concentration along the groundwater flow path. Cation exchange reactions were responsible for abnormal Mg2+/Na+ ratio and asynchronous Na+ and Cl− variations. We obtained a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the regional hydrochemical variations and evolutionary processes within the Golmud River Watershed. This study showed that combining novel data mining techniques and traditional hydrochemical approaches has great potential and promising prospects regarding the hydrochemical variation and evolution mechanism based on hydrochemical traits. The outcomes of this study are significant for hydrochemical evolution mechanisms and groundwater management in arid areas worldwide.
期刊介绍：
Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth:
Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices
Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water
Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans
Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards
Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth
Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources
Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials
Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems
Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment
In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.
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