A low cost blockchain-based model for detecting of counterfeiting container in the road transport system

Modern transportation systems increasingly rely on information technologies to address key challenges such as ensuring product quality and detecting counterfeit goods. Existing systems track goods online using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors; however, in certain areas—due to factors like adverse weather or geographical barriers—consistent Internet access is unavailable. This gap presents a vulnerability where containers may be replaced with counterfeit cargo. In this paper, we propose a model that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) data to detect counterfeiting containers. Each container is equipped with a digital identifier that transmits an encrypted unique ID (K_i) to authorized receivers. This ID, along with the GPS ID (G_i) and truck engine ID (ID_i), forms a triple identifier (K_i, G_i, ID_i), which is hashed using the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-3) and stored in a blockchain for product tracking. Since the G_i and ID_i are inherently available on each truck, no additional IoT sensors are needed, reducing implementation costs. Furthermore, the model records information on all components of a shipment in the blockchain, allowing for comprehensive tracking and authentication along the supply chain, both at authorized intermediate control stations and at the final destination. The proposed model has been evaluated across various qualitative criteria including security, cost-efficiency, scalability, flexibility, traceability, and transparency. It is particularly well-suited for routes where IoT-based tracking is impractical or where GPS and Internet access are limited.