{"title":"揭示SMAD家族成员6作为睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤预后和免疫疗法反应的新型生物标记物的作用。","authors":"Huawei Lin, Xiaowen Lin, Peisheng Huang, Xiaoxue Yu, Jianming Liu, Liangliang Huang, Yanni Wei, Jiahong Chen, Zhouda Cai, Le Zhang, Junhong Deng, Zhuoyuan Lin, Yu Zheng, Jianming Lu","doi":"10.1111/andr.70015","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Despite its rarity, testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is commonly diagnosed in young males aged 20-40. In recent years, the global prevalence of TGCT has gradually increased, with 12-30% of patients experiencing relapse and metastasis. However, there are currently no reliable biomarkers for accurately predicting the prognosis of TGCT patients. Therefore, identifying novel biomarkers for risk stratification in TGCT is an immediate priority.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using TGCT samples from multiple centers, we identified a novel prognostic biomarker (SMAD family member 6 [SMAD6]) through differential expression analysis, Cox regression, and survival analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then employed to evaluate SMAD6 expression levels in normal testicular tissues and TGCT samples. Finally, we examined the relationship between SMAD6 and its biological characteristics, mutation landscape, immune cell infiltration, and response to immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study identified SMAD6 as a risk factor for TGCT prognosis. IHC revealed significant expression of SMAD6 in TGCT tissues. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that SMAD6 may contribute to the activation of tumor progression-related pathways and suppression of immune-related pathways. Additionally, high SMAD6 expression was correlated with reduced CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell infiltration, while patients with low SMAD6 expression benefited more from immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the potential of SMAD6 may be useful for TGCT prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction, offering a promising target for personalized medicine strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7898,"journal":{"name":"Andrology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Unveiling SMAD family member 6 as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response in testicular germ cell tumors.\",\"authors\":\"Huawei Lin, Xiaowen Lin, Peisheng Huang, Xiaoxue Yu, Jianming Liu, Liangliang Huang, Yanni Wei, Jiahong Chen, Zhouda Cai, Le Zhang, Junhong Deng, Zhuoyuan Lin, Yu Zheng, Jianming Lu\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/andr.70015\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Despite its rarity, testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is commonly diagnosed in young males aged 20-40. In recent years, the global prevalence of TGCT has gradually increased, with 12-30% of patients experiencing relapse and metastasis. However, there are currently no reliable biomarkers for accurately predicting the prognosis of TGCT patients. Therefore, identifying novel biomarkers for risk stratification in TGCT is an immediate priority.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using TGCT samples from multiple centers, we identified a novel prognostic biomarker (SMAD family member 6 [SMAD6]) through differential expression analysis, Cox regression, and survival analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then employed to evaluate SMAD6 expression levels in normal testicular tissues and TGCT samples. Finally, we examined the relationship between SMAD6 and its biological characteristics, mutation landscape, immune cell infiltration, and response to immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study identified SMAD6 as a risk factor for TGCT prognosis. IHC revealed significant expression of SMAD6 in TGCT tissues. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that SMAD6 may contribute to the activation of tumor progression-related pathways and suppression of immune-related pathways. Additionally, high SMAD6 expression was correlated with reduced CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell infiltration, while patients with low SMAD6 expression benefited more from immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the potential of SMAD6 may be useful for TGCT prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction, offering a promising target for personalized medicine strategies.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":7898,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Andrology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-02-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Andrology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.70015\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ANDROLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Andrology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.70015","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ANDROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Unveiling SMAD family member 6 as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response in testicular germ cell tumors.
Background and objectives: Despite its rarity, testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is commonly diagnosed in young males aged 20-40. In recent years, the global prevalence of TGCT has gradually increased, with 12-30% of patients experiencing relapse and metastasis. However, there are currently no reliable biomarkers for accurately predicting the prognosis of TGCT patients. Therefore, identifying novel biomarkers for risk stratification in TGCT is an immediate priority.
Materials and methods: Using TGCT samples from multiple centers, we identified a novel prognostic biomarker (SMAD family member 6 [SMAD6]) through differential expression analysis, Cox regression, and survival analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then employed to evaluate SMAD6 expression levels in normal testicular tissues and TGCT samples. Finally, we examined the relationship between SMAD6 and its biological characteristics, mutation landscape, immune cell infiltration, and response to immunotherapy.
Results: Our study identified SMAD6 as a risk factor for TGCT prognosis. IHC revealed significant expression of SMAD6 in TGCT tissues. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that SMAD6 may contribute to the activation of tumor progression-related pathways and suppression of immune-related pathways. Additionally, high SMAD6 expression was correlated with reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration, while patients with low SMAD6 expression benefited more from immunotherapy.
Discussion and conclusions: This study highlights the potential of SMAD6 may be useful for TGCT prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction, offering a promising target for personalized medicine strategies.
期刊介绍：
Andrology is the study of the male reproductive system and other male gender related health issues. Andrology deals with basic and clinical aspects of the male reproductive system (gonads, endocrine and accessory organs) in all species, including the diagnosis and treatment of medical problems associated with sexual development, infertility, sexual dysfunction, sex hormone action and other urological problems. In medicine, Andrology as a specialty is a recent development, as it had previously been considered a subspecialty of urology or endocrinology
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