Mechanistic study of α-mangostin derivatives as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors.

α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are pharmacological agents commonly used to manage postprandial hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Developing novel, potent AGIs remains a significant area of research. In this study, we investigated a series of derivatives of the natural product from α-mangostin as potential AGIs. A combined experimental and computational approach was employed to characterize promising compounds with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. We found that α-mangostin (AM) and its derivatives (AM1 - 3) exhibited micromolar range α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ ranging from 15.14 to 67.81 µM), surpassing the known drug acarbose (IC₅₀ of 197.09 µM). Among the derivatives, AM1 exhibited the most promising α-glucosidase inhibition, displaying competitive inhibition kinetics with a K_i value of 47.04 µM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided mechanistic insights into the binding interactions between AM1 and the α-glucosidase active site. AM1 was observed to form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key amino acid residues within the enzyme's active site. The introduction of amine groups in compound AM1 enhanced activity compared to AM, the parent compound. This study highlights the potential of α-mangostin derivatives as potent AGIs. The identified lead compound, AM1, warrants further investigation to assess its efficacy and safety in managing T2DM.