Mass transport and heterogeneous electron transfer in high-concentration electrolytes: From conventional to two-dimensional material electrodes

Two-dimensional materials in high-concentration electrolytes have emerged as promising candidates for studying heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics due to their diverse applications in energy storage and conversion. However, the existing theoretical frameworks and experimental techniques often fall short in accurately describing these complex systems. A comprehensive understanding of electron transfer processes at the electrode–electrolyte interface in high-concentration electrolytes is crucial for advancing our knowledge of interfacial electrochemical phenomena and refining theoretical models. This review summarizes recent efforts focusing on the heterogeneous electron transfer at the electrode–high-concentration electrolyte interfaces, particularly ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, and we briefly assess the limitations of existing kinetic studies and outline potential avenues with emphasizing the strengthen of scanning electrochemical microscopy in future research in this field.