Factors Promoting Lipopolysaccharide Uptake by Synthetic Lipid Droplets.

Lipoproteins are essential in removing lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from blood during bacterial inflammation. The physicochemical properties of lipoproteins and environmental factors can impact LPS uptake. This work prepared synthetic lipid droplets containing triglycerides, cholesterols, and phospholipids to mimic lipoproteins. The physicochemical properties of these lipid droplets, such as charges, sizes, and lipid compositions, were altered to understand the underlying factors affecting LPS uptake. The amphiphilic LPS could spontaneously adsorb on the surface of lipid droplets without lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP); however, the presence of LBP can increase the LPS uptake. The positively charged lipid droplets also enhance the uptake of negatively charged LPS. Most interestingly, the LPS uptake highly depends on the concentrations of Ca²⁺ near the physiological conditions, but the impact of Mg²⁺ ions was insignificant. The increase in Ca²⁺ ions can improve LPS uptake by lipid droplets; this result suggested that Ca²⁺ may play an essential role in LPS clearance. Since septic shock patients typically suffer from hypocalcemia and low levels of lipoproteins, the supplementation of Ca²⁺ ions along with synthetic lipoproteins may be a potential treatment for severe sepsis.