Particle shape analysis on thermally stratified 3D rotational Darcy-Forchheimer flow with hydromagnetic Williamson hybrid nanofluid containing Ag-MoS4

The present study investigates the effect of the shape factor on the numerical simulation of thermally stratified three-dimensional rotational Darcy-Forchheimer flow. Specifically, the study focuses on the behaviour of a hydromagnetic Williamson hybrid nanofluid composed of Ag-MoS₄ under the influence of suction/injection, considering the non-linear radiation and heat source/sink effects. The shape factor, which represents the geometric shape of the nanoparticles, plays a significant role in enhancing thermophysical properties. Further, the proposed models for viscosity (Gharesim) and thermal conductivity (Hamilton-Crosser) boost the thermal properties. The numerical simulations are carried out for the appropriate governing transformed equations for the flow phenomena, followed by similarity transformation rules adopted herein. In particular, Matlab inbuilt bvp5C code is deployed for the graphical solution and numerical calculations of the transformed model. The characteristic of each constraint is presented through graphs, and the simulated results for the rate coefficients are also depicted in tabular form. The results reveal that the shape factor significantly affects the flow behaviour, with different shape factors leading to distinct flow patterns. However, the important flow patterns are obtained as the non-Newtonian effect caused by the Williamson parameter retards the fluid velocity at points within the flow domain for its greater values; moreover, increasing thermal radiation enhances the fluid temperature with the inclusion of the proposed conductivity model.

Graphical Abstract

• Investigating the influence of the numerous shaped nanoparticles on the flow behaviour mainly provides significant enhancement in thermophysical properties; the proposed Hamilton-Crosser model conductivity is particularly important in enhancing the thermal properties.

• Hybrid nanofluids combine different nanoparticles, such as Ag-MoS₄, offering enhanced thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer properties.

• Analysing the behaviour of specific hybrid nanofluid under different flow conditions contributes to understanding its potential applications in various thermal systems.

• Investigating the numerical simulation of thermally stratified thermal flow in the context of Darcy-Forchheimer flow provides the fluid’s heat transfer characteristics and behaviour under complex flow conditions.