Review of Hydrogen Production Using Organic Waste Materials: Role of Industry 4.0 in Waste Valuation

Attempts are made to utilise waste organic biomass to produce fuels, chemicals, energy, power, and by-products for many mercantile applications. Hydrogen is a demanding fuel with the highest calorific value, and conventional chemical processes have raised specific environmental concerns. Alternatively, such biodegradable organic waste can be managed better with fermentation technologies and also for producing hydrogen, which is more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Given environmental concerns, retrofitting the current chemical industry 3.0 with sustainable product management is vital. This review communication provides crucial information about the chemical industry’s restructuring within the scope of using the circular economy principle in circular chemistry in the burgeoning industry 4.0 scenario. It also focuses on recovering energy from waste materials, a potential strategy for mitigating environmental effects. More case studies utilising organic waste as feedstock in bio-refinery processes will be of interest in future to attain environmental sustainability, which is also highlighted in parallel.