Response surface optimization for biodiesel production from chicken fat via transesterification process over CaO-CeO2 catalyst

The application of microwave-assisted transesterification for biodiesel production from poultry fat offers a novel and energy-efficient approach to enhance reaction kinetics and overall process efficiency. This study explores the transesterification of poultry fat using wet-impregnated CaO–CeO₂ catalysts synthesized for this purpose. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD), and Raman spectroscopy to evaluate their structural and catalytic properties. The effects of key process parameters including reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading, and catalyst composition on biodiesel yield were systematically investigated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. A quadratic response surface regression model was employed to optimize the reaction conditions, with the optimal parameters identified as 7.1 min, 50 °C, 0.75 wt% catalyst loading, and a CaO–CeO₂ ratio of 75%. These conditions resulted in a predicted biodiesel yield of 95.51%, which was experimentally validated, demonstrating strong agreement between the model and experimental outcomes. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were evaluated and found to conform to ASTM D6751 standards, highlighting its potential suitability for diesel engine applications. This work addresses existing gaps in biodiesel production from poultry fat by demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of microwave-assisted transesterification with tailored catalysts.