Stochastic optimal coordination of hydrogen-enabled zero-carbon integrated energy systems in buildings

Through the coordination of hydrogen and renewable energy sources, a hydrogen-enabled integrated energy system (HIES) can be applied to meet building energy demands while islanded from the grid, thereby achieving zero carbon emissions. To guarantee the feasibility of scheduling strategies, it is crucial to design effective scheduling strategies of the HIES that can address the uncertainties in both renewable energy supply and building energy demand. To address the stochastic optimal coordination problem of the HIES, a feasibility proposition is developed to establish nonanticipative constraints (NCs) of energy conversion and storage devices. These NCs describe the feasibility requirements of the optimal coordination problem and accurately define the safe ranges of different energy conversion and storage devices. Importantly, the NCs decouple the safe ranges of each energy storage device from those of other storage devices. Subsequently, an all-scenario-feasible (ASF) scheduling method is proposed with NCs to solve the problem, which leverages the merits of scenario-based methods in economic performance while ensuring the solution feasibility. Numerical results demonstrate that the developed ASF scheduling method guarantees solution feasibility, achieves satisfactory economic performance, and improves computational efficiency by 6 times compared with the scenario-based method and two-stage robust optimization method. Thus, the developed method can provide a promising option to achieve zero-carbon building energy systems.