A review of micro-hybrid energy systems for rural electrification, challenges and probable interventions

Micro-hybrid energy systems (MHES) are essential for meeting the energy needs of end users. However, their implementation in mitigating energy deficit, especially in Sub-Saharan African rural, remains low. To substantially achieve sustainable development goal seven 7 (SDG7), Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries must tackle the various risks, challenges, and barriers that hinder the rapid adoption and implementation of MHES. This research comprehensively reviews MHESs in SSA through the lenses of twenty selected countries while zeroing in on six countries, specifically focusing on rural Zambia using an elimination approach. The research analyzed micro-grids in these countries, drew lessons, addressed barriers and limitations, and provided possible mitigation strategies for the challenges. The study findings showed an insufficient focus on load assessment, prioritization, and behavioral change in rural areas to enhance the implementation and utilization of micro-grid renewable energy systems (MHRES). Another finding was the intermittent supply from one energy source, especially solar and wind; combining more than one energy source gives reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy to meet end users’ energy demands. These deductions are crucial for developing countries’ rural areas, particularly in SSA, where most of the population resides, lack access to electricity, and the low-key rural activities that impact economic development (gross domestic product -GDP). Integrating load assessment, prioritization, and behavioral tendencies for energy utilization of MHRES can lead to cost-effective implementation and utilization of renewable energy resources in rural areas. This research is vital for supporting sustainable energy access. Adopting mitigation strategies will guide addressing the challenges associated with sustainable MHRES implementation and the strategic planning level for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan African countries.