Characterization, comparative phylogenetic, and gene transfer studies of Rosa chinensis var. spontanea organelle genomes.

Rosa chinensis var. spontanea, an important horticultural species, holds high ornamental value. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships and organelle genome data of R. chinensis var. spontanea and its related species, the organelle genomes were constructed and sequenced in this study. The complete mitochondrial genome consists of a linear DNA molecule with a length of 270,143 base pairs and contains 55 genes. The whole chloroplast genome harbors 131 annotated genes. There are 39 and 54 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of R. chinensis var. spontanea, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of the mitochondrial genome indicates that R. chinensis var. spontanea is related to R. chinensis. The codon usage biases of one mitochondrial gene and nine chloroplast genes in Rosaceae were affected by mutation, while those of other genes have undergone selection. Overall, our findings suggest that the information within the organelle genomes can be utilized for constructing molecular markers, conducting genetic evolution research, and interpreting the phylogenetics of plants. The results of this study will contribute to a more in - depth investigation of the population genetics and evolution of Rosaceae.