China's Hydropower Resettlement Policies: Evolving Strategies for Sustainable Resource Management and Climate Security

This study investigates the evolution of China's hydropower resettlement policies with the framework of sustainable resource management and climate security. Using text analysis and the policy modeling consistency (PMC) model, it evaluates policy adaptation to the socioeconomic impacts of large-scale hydropower development, particularly the displacement of land-losing farmers. The findings reveal a transition in policy focus from broad initial coverage to targeted prioritization in later stages, characterized by a “inverted-U” trend in the PMC index and a “U-shaped” variance across policy dimensions. The transitions has improved goal-setting, transparency, and procedural justice, yet challenges persist in fostering public participation and ensuring equitable resource distribution. China's centralized governance model has proven effectiveness in policy implementation but often constrains stakeholder engagement. Drawing lessons from targeted poverty alleviation programs, this study underscores the need for a shift from traditional administrative approaches to integrated sociological governance. Additionally, the research highlights climate challenges faced by hydropower resettlement and advocates for enhanced ecological compensation measures and improved energy efficiency in resettlement areas. These findings contribute to advancing the equity, sustainability, and global applicability of resettlement policies in addressing food, water, and climate security.