微观到多重嵌合:一个单一现象的多个方面。

IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY
Baruch Rinkevich, Tamar L Goulet
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自然嵌合体普遍存在于自然界中(包括原生生物、植物、无脊椎动物和脊椎动物等10个门类),打破了遗传上同质的实体被选择以防止生物内部冲突的传统观念。嵌合作为一种重要的生态/进化机制,塑造了后生动物的生活史特征,并以多种形式发展,其中一种被称为“微嵌合”。此外,嵌合是一种关键现象,呈现出复杂的生物和生态表达,类似于“双刃剑”,绕过先天和适应性免疫反应。考虑到嵌合伴侣的比例贡献及其在嵌合体内的空间排列,揭示了六种嵌合状态(净化嵌合、部门嵌合、镶嵌嵌合、混合嵌合、微嵌合和多重嵌合)和三种种系嵌合状态(混合嵌合、男女嵌合和寄生种系嵌合)。这些不同的嵌合状态被归类为两个不同的连续体系列,即“体细胞嵌合”和“种系嵌合”场景,其中动态嵌合状态转移到其他状态,反之亦然,在一个特定的连续体中,依赖于嵌合状态的无穷无尽的“埃斯利安楼梯井”概念。同样,同一个嵌合体可以同时描绘不同部位/器官的不同嵌合状态。我们进一步回顾了嵌合的进化观点,提出了嵌合的五个共同特征(多嵌合、个体发生窗口、生殖嵌合、可传递嵌合、种系搭便车)以及嵌合的“成本”和“收益”,这些特征在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物(包括人类)之间共享。我们认为“微嵌合”缺乏任何定量定义,只是嵌合现象的多方面全景中的一个方面,这些现象显示了随着时间的推移向其他状态的转变。所有这些都具有进化和临床意义。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Micro-to multi-chimerism: the multiple facets of a singular phenomenon.

Natural chimeras are prevalent in nature (> 10 phyla of protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates), disrupting the conventional believe that genetically homogeneous entities are selected to prevent conflicts within an organism. Chimerism emerges as a significant ecological/evolutionary mechanism, shaping the life history characteristics of metazoans, and it develops in various forms, one of which is called 'microchimerism'. Furthermore, chimerism is a pivotal phenomenon, presenting complex biological and ecological expressions akin to a "double-edged sword", bypassing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Considering the proportionate contribution of chimeric partners and their spatial arrangements within chimeras, unveils six somatic states of chimerism (purged-chimerism, sectorial-chimerism, mosaic-chimerism, mixed-chimerism, microchimerism and multi-chimerism) and three states of germline chimerism (mixed-chimerism, male/female chimerism and parasitic germline chimerism). These diverse chimeric states are categorized into two distinct series of continua, namely 'somatic cell chimerism' and 'germline chimerism' scenarios where dynamic chimeric states transit into other states, and vice versa, within a specific continuum that relies on the concept of an endless 'Escherian stairwell' of chimerism states. Also, the same chimera may portray simultaneously, different chimeric states in various parts/organs. We further reviewed the evolutionary perspectives for chimerism, raising five commonly shared features of chimerism (multichimerism, ontogenic windows, reproductive chimerism, transmissible chimerism, germline hitchhiking) and 'costs' and 'benefits' accrued to chimerism, shared between invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. We contest that 'microchimerism' lacks any quantitative definition, represents just a single facet in the multi-facet panorama of chimeric phenomena that demonstrate transitions over time into other states. All of the above carry evolutionary and clinical implications.

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来源期刊
Seminars in Immunopathology
Seminars in Immunopathology 医学-病理学
CiteScore
19.80
自引率
2.20%
发文量
69
审稿时长
12 months
期刊介绍: The aim of Seminars in Immunopathology is to bring clinicians and pathologists up-to-date on developments in the field of immunopathology.For this purpose topical issues will be organized usually with the help of a guest editor.Recent developments are summarized in review articles by authors who have personally contributed to the specific topic.
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