Development of 3D-printed electrodes using polyacrylonitrile/ graphene composites for application in polysulfide bromide flow battery

The performance of Polysulfide Bromide Flow Batteries (PBS) is depended on the design of the electrodes, which plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal electrolyte distribution and conductivity. These factors are essential for facilitating efficient electrochemical kinetics. This study introduces a novel approach to electrode fabrication using polyacrylonitrile/graphene composites through 3D printing, which enhances structural uniformity and electrical conductivity. The incorporation of reduced graphene oxide, with an electrical conductivity of 23 S/m, into polyacrylonitrile-based electrodes substantially improves their electrical conductivity. Unlike traditional techniques that produce randomly oriented fibers, 3D printing offers precise control over electrode architecture. This enables uniform electrolyte flow, improved mass transfer, and increased electrolyte diffusion across the electrode surface. The precise architectural design ensures that the electrolyte's retention time is aligned with its inert properties and optimizing the electrochemical process. One of the two 3D-printed electrode designs exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 73.85 × 10^-13 m²/s. This research not only overcomes the limitations of traditional electrode fabrication techniques but also highlights the potential of advanced 3D printing technologies in the creation of next-generation flow battery electrodes. The findings from this study could pave the way for the development of more efficient, durable, and scalable energy storage systems.