Salidroside: Diverse synthetic pathways and recent advances in pharmacological effects across multiple systems

Salidroside stands as a prominent compound derived from Rhodiola plants, enjoying a long history of integration within traditional Chinese medicine formulations. Rhodiola species predominantly thrive in challenging environments, often at high altitudes. Although the scale of salidroside extraction has broadened, the natural occurrence of this compound remains notably scarce. Prior reviews predominantly explored salidroside's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypoxia properties. The effects of the compound on cardiovascular, brain, central nervous system, respiratory system, kidney, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal system and liver were described. We provide an updated overview of salidroside's biological characteristics, mechanisms of action from 2019 to present, and its toxicological profile. Furthermore, we explore variations in salidroside sourced from different genera and delve into its synthetic pathways. This comprehensive analysis aims to address supply and demand challenges, pave the way for new drug research and development, and offer valuable insights for the continued exploration and utilization of salidroside.