War and its impact on farmers' crop and livestock productivity in south Wollo zone, northeastern Ethiopia

This study was conducted on the impact of war on crop and livestock productivity in selected war-affected districts of south Wollo zone. Data were gathered through questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, utilizing both primary and secondary sources. Quantitative data were analyzed using SAS software, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and narratively. The findings show that the war has had a devastating effect on agriculture, resulting in significant losses in crop yields and revenues, as well as a reduction in livestock numbers. Specifically, 28.5–33 % of smallholder farmers suffered a loss of over 83 % of their expected yield of major cereals, and 20–28 % lost over 94 % of their revenue from cash crops. Livestock were also severely impacted, with cattle being the most affected, accounting for 151.9 TLU. The war has significantly reduced livestock populations due to theft, slaughter, and casualties from artillery strikes. An overwhelming 96 % of respondents emphasize the urgent need for targeted assistance to sustain their livelihoods. Although food aid remains the primary form of support provided by stakeholders in the affected regions, it falls short of addressing the widespread demand. To effectively mitigate these challenges, it is imperative to deliver immediate agricultural interventions, expand food aid programs, establish financial support systems, and advocate for peace and security measures. Furthermore, the formulation of long-term agricultural development strategies, coupled with robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks, will be critical. Strategic collaboration with non-governmental and international organizations is essential to enable smallholder farmers to recover and sustain their crops and livestock, thereby enhancing food security in war-affected regions.