Bioswitchable Polyurethane Implants: Enhancing Performance with 2D Nano Additives

Implants that can modify biological signals or environmental factors are now a focal point in the realm of biomedical applications. These groundbreaking devices hold immense potential to transform medical procedures and tools. Integrating 2D nano additives such as graphene, graphene oxide, and Mxene into Polyurethane (PU), due to their bioswitchability, durability, and shape memory capabilities make it an attractive material for bioswitchable implants. Although these materials have immense potential, they still face complications regarding their compatibility with living beings, capacity to bear mechanical stress, and regulated degradation rate. This can be improved by compiling them with biocompatible materials that enhance their properties. Various processing methods are explored for integrating nano additives into PU matrices, like electrospinning, 3D printing, solvent casting and particulate leaching, thermoplastic molding, and melt blending has been encompassed in this article. This review highlights PU-based bioswitchable implants’ advancements in dentistry, bone implants, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and cancer therapy. Integrating nanomaterials enhances the implants' physical, biological, cytotoxic, and long-term monitoring profiles. The main focus is on employing robotic touch to interact with biological systems and operate implants dynamically. This research reveals that PU-based bioswitchable implants and robotic fingertips might revolutionize regenerative medicine by increasing patient outcomes.