Pathogenetic development, diagnosis and clinical therapeutic approaches for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer (Review).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy and a significant proportion of patients with CRC develop liver metastasis (CRLM), which is a major contributor to CRC‑related mortality. The present review aimed to comprehensively examine the pathogenetic development and diagnosis of CRLM and the clinical therapeutic approaches for treatment of this disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying CRLM were discussed, including the role of the tumour microenvironment and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. The present review also highlighted the importance of early detection and the current challenges in predicting the development of CRLM. Various treatment strategies were reviewed, including surgical resection, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and the potential of novel therapies, such as selective internal radiation therapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Despite recent advancements in treatment options, the treatment of CRLM remains a therapeutic challenge due to the complexity of the liver microenvironment and the heterogeneity of CRC. The present review emphasized the need for a multidisciplinary approach and the integration of emerging therapies to improve patient outcomes.