Ten tips on how to reduce iatrogenic acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with worse clinical outcomes. Many treatments and procedures in the hospitalized patient can cause AKI. Hence, the incidence of iatrogenic AKI is expected to be high. In this review we provide 10 practical tips on how to manage and avoid iatrogenic AKI. We cover identification of vulnerable patients by epidemiological data and recommend the usage of renal stress biomarkers for enhanced screening of high-risk patients. Further, we discuss the limitations of current diagnostic criteria of AKI. As a key takeaway, we suggest the implementation of novel damage biomarkers in clinical routine to identify subclinical AKI, which may guide novel clinical management pathways. To further reduce the incidence of procedure-associated AKI, we advocate certain preventive measures. Foremost, this includes improvement of hemodynamics and avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs whenever possible. In cases of severe AKI, we provide tips for the implementation and management of renal replacement therapy and highlight the advantages of regional citrate anticoagulation. The furosemide stress test might be of help in recognizing patients who will require renal replacement therapy. Finally, we discuss the progression of AKI to acute and chronic kidney disease and the management of this growing issue. Both can develop after episodes of AKI and have major implications for patient co-morbidity and long-term renal and non-renal outcomes. Hence, we recommend long-term monitoring of kidney parameters after AKI.