Bacillus thuringiensis: a gift for nematode management.

Nematodes attacking plants and animals pose a global threat to agricultural industry and public health. Chemicals as long preferred tools for nematode management are facing challenges such as pest resistance and policy restrictions. Recent findings show that Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces rich components with excellent nematicidal competence and is a precious nonchemical resource for controlling a broad range of nematode parasites. Transgenic plants, microbial products, and nanoparticles efficiently deliver and protect Bt nematicidal activities. The combination of nematicidal elements with distinct modes of action can enhance the efficacy and sustainability of Bt-derived nematicidal products. Here we outline these advances, emphasize the promise of Bt in managing nematodes, and discuss issues concerning the optimization of field deployments of Bt-based nematode management.