Circadian Disruption and the Risk of Developing Obesity.

Purpose of the review: This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of the clock in adipose tissue physiology and the impact of circadian desynchrony on the development of obesity.

Recent findings: Circadian disruptions due to shift work, late time eating and nighttime light exposure are associated with obesity and its metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Studies in mice harboring tissue-specific gain/loss of function mutations in clock genes revealed that the circadian clock acts on multiple pathways to control adipogenesis, lipogenesis/lipolysis and thermogenesis. Time-restricted eating (TRE), aligning feeding with the active period to restore clock function, represents a promising strategy to curb obesity. While TRE has shown clear benefits, especially in participants at higher cardiometabolic risk, current studies are limited in size and duration. Larger, well-controlled studies are warranted to conclusively assess the effects of TRE in relation to the metabolic status and gender. Field studies in shift-workers, comparing permanent night shift versus rotating shifts, are also necessary to identify the optimal time window for TRE.