Shuaishuai Zhang, Shengdi Zhang, Jinbo Zeng, Fayan Zhu, Li Dang, Shiping Sun, Zhanli Geng* and Yue Shen*,
{"title":"水调共晶水合盐相变凝胶的相变行为和力学转变","authors":"Shuaishuai Zhang, Shengdi Zhang, Jinbo Zeng, Fayan Zhu, Li Dang, Shiping Sun, Zhanli Geng* and Yue Shen*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsapm.4c0327710.1021/acsapm.4c03277","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrated-salt phase-change gels (PCGs), composed of polymer and hydrated-salt phase change materials (PCMs), are dynamic materials with switchable mechanical states mediated by the solid–liquid phase change behavior of PCMs. Water is an important factor affecting the phase change behavior of salt hydrates and expected to be used in tuning the nanomechanical performance of PCGs. In this work, eutectic MgCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O–Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O PCMs (Mg-PCMs) and their corresponding phase-change gels (Mg-PCGs) were prepared. Effects of the water content on the phase change behavior and nanomechanical properties of Mg-PCMs and Mg-PCGs were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). First of all, a precise eutectic mass percent range of 40.05% ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 41.30% [<i>x</i>MgCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O–(1 – <i>x</i>)Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O] was determined by DSC at a low ramp rate (0.2 °C/min). Extra (<i>n</i> > 6.000, 41.30% MgCl<sub>2</sub>–58.70% Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O) or less (<i>n</i> < 6.000) water could lead to changes in phase transition behavior due to the formation of ice or tetrahydrate salt. A quantitative relationship between the characteristic phase change enthalpies and water contents was calibrated and fitted. With an increase in water content and the resulting changes in phase change behavior, the Young’s modulus of solid Mg-PCMs decreases from about 72.52 to 2.02 GPa. In addition, Mg-PCGs were prepared and could switched from a clear soft solid to a white rigid solid with up to 10<sup>4</sup>-times change in modulus (490 kPa vs 7.79 GPa), exhibiting excellent tensile and load-bearing properties. As the water content changes, upper and lower limits of the switchable modulus can be tuned in the ranges of 13.90–3.32 GPa (rigid) and 0.91–0.48 MPa (soft), respectively. In addition, Mg-PCGs show stable cycling performance after one hundred DSC tests. The temperature-responsive PCGs switching between two stable solids with upper and lower limits of modulus quantitatively tuned by water show great application prospects in bionic and automation fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":7,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Polymer Materials","volume":"7 3","pages":"1540–1548 1540–1548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Phase Change Behavior and Mechanical Transformation of Eutectic Hydrated-Salt Phase-Change Gels Tuned by Water\",\"authors\":\"Shuaishuai Zhang, Shengdi Zhang, Jinbo Zeng, Fayan Zhu, Li Dang, Shiping Sun, Zhanli Geng* and Yue Shen*, \",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsapm.4c0327710.1021/acsapm.4c03277\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p >Hydrated-salt phase-change gels (PCGs), composed of polymer and hydrated-salt phase change materials (PCMs), are dynamic materials with switchable mechanical states mediated by the solid–liquid phase change behavior of PCMs. Water is an important factor affecting the phase change behavior of salt hydrates and expected to be used in tuning the nanomechanical performance of PCGs. In this work, eutectic MgCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O–Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O PCMs (Mg-PCMs) and their corresponding phase-change gels (Mg-PCGs) were prepared. Effects of the water content on the phase change behavior and nanomechanical properties of Mg-PCMs and Mg-PCGs were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). First of all, a precise eutectic mass percent range of 40.05% ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 41.30% [<i>x</i>MgCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O–(1 – <i>x</i>)Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O] was determined by DSC at a low ramp rate (0.2 °C/min). Extra (<i>n</i> > 6.000, 41.30% MgCl<sub>2</sub>–58.70% Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O) or less (<i>n</i> < 6.000) water could lead to changes in phase transition behavior due to the formation of ice or tetrahydrate salt. A quantitative relationship between the characteristic phase change enthalpies and water contents was calibrated and fitted. With an increase in water content and the resulting changes in phase change behavior, the Young’s modulus of solid Mg-PCMs decreases from about 72.52 to 2.02 GPa. In addition, Mg-PCGs were prepared and could switched from a clear soft solid to a white rigid solid with up to 10<sup>4</sup>-times change in modulus (490 kPa vs 7.79 GPa), exhibiting excellent tensile and load-bearing properties. As the water content changes, upper and lower limits of the switchable modulus can be tuned in the ranges of 13.90–3.32 GPa (rigid) and 0.91–0.48 MPa (soft), respectively. In addition, Mg-PCGs show stable cycling performance after one hundred DSC tests. The temperature-responsive PCGs switching between two stable solids with upper and lower limits of modulus quantitatively tuned by water show great application prospects in bionic and automation fields.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":7,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"ACS Applied Polymer Materials\",\"volume\":\"7 3\",\"pages\":\"1540–1548 1540–1548\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-01-22\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"ACS Applied Polymer Materials\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"92\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsapm.4c03277\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"化学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ACS Applied Polymer Materials","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsapm.4c03277","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase Change Behavior and Mechanical Transformation of Eutectic Hydrated-Salt Phase-Change Gels Tuned by Water
Hydrated-salt phase-change gels (PCGs), composed of polymer and hydrated-salt phase change materials (PCMs), are dynamic materials with switchable mechanical states mediated by the solid–liquid phase change behavior of PCMs. Water is an important factor affecting the phase change behavior of salt hydrates and expected to be used in tuning the nanomechanical performance of PCGs. In this work, eutectic MgCl2·6H2O–Mg(NO3)2·6H2O PCMs (Mg-PCMs) and their corresponding phase-change gels (Mg-PCGs) were prepared. Effects of the water content on the phase change behavior and nanomechanical properties of Mg-PCMs and Mg-PCGs were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). First of all, a precise eutectic mass percent range of 40.05% ≤ x ≤ 41.30% [xMgCl2·6H2O–(1 – x)Mg(NO3)2·6H2O] was determined by DSC at a low ramp rate (0.2 °C/min). Extra (n > 6.000, 41.30% MgCl2–58.70% Mg(NO3)2–nH2O) or less (n < 6.000) water could lead to changes in phase transition behavior due to the formation of ice or tetrahydrate salt. A quantitative relationship between the characteristic phase change enthalpies and water contents was calibrated and fitted. With an increase in water content and the resulting changes in phase change behavior, the Young’s modulus of solid Mg-PCMs decreases from about 72.52 to 2.02 GPa. In addition, Mg-PCGs were prepared and could switched from a clear soft solid to a white rigid solid with up to 104-times change in modulus (490 kPa vs 7.79 GPa), exhibiting excellent tensile and load-bearing properties. As the water content changes, upper and lower limits of the switchable modulus can be tuned in the ranges of 13.90–3.32 GPa (rigid) and 0.91–0.48 MPa (soft), respectively. In addition, Mg-PCGs show stable cycling performance after one hundred DSC tests. The temperature-responsive PCGs switching between two stable solids with upper and lower limits of modulus quantitatively tuned by water show great application prospects in bionic and automation fields.
期刊介绍：
ACS Applied Polymer Materials is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research covering all aspects of engineering, chemistry, physics, and biology relevant to applications of polymers.
The journal is devoted to reports of new and original experimental and theoretical research of an applied nature that integrates fundamental knowledge in the areas of materials, engineering, physics, bioscience, polymer science and chemistry into important polymer applications. The journal is specifically interested in work that addresses relationships among structure, processing, morphology, chemistry, properties, and function as well as work that provide insights into mechanisms critical to the performance of the polymer for applications.
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