Untargeted Metabolomics and Proteomics-Based Research of the Long-Term Exercise on Human Body.

Regular long-term exercise can benefit the body and reduce the risk of several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. However, the proteomic and metabolomic changes, as well as the physiological responses associated with long-term exercise, remain incompletely understood. To investigate the effects of long-term exercise on the human body, 14 subjects with long-term exercise habits and 10 subjects without exercise habits were selected for this study. Morning urine samples were collected and analyzed for untargeted metabolomics and proteomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 404 differential metabolites and 394 differential proteins were screened in this research, and the analysis results indicated that long-term exercise may affect energy metabolism, amino acid synthesis and metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and the inflammatory response. These findings offer a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular effects of long-term exercise on the human body and provide a basis for future research exploring the underlying mechanisms.