Assessing the dynamics of small-scale coastal fisheries using public participatory GIS with structural equation model for fisheries management in Jakarta's coastal area, Indonesia

Rapid coastal development often challenges coastal fisheries, resulting in limited opportunities, particularly for small-scale fisheries. However, the knowledge on how coastal urbanization drives dynamics in small-scale fishery over time is relative limited. Based on the offline survey and interview questionnaire, public participatory geographic information systems (PPGIS) was coupled with partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to explore the impact of development on fishery condition over 30 years in the coastal areas of Jakarta, Indonesia, where the expansion of Tanjung Priok Port, luxury property development along Jakarta's western coast, and the Ancol Beach reclamation for tourism and recreation altered the coastal fishery condition locally. After testing questionnaire reliability, Fornell-Larckel criterion with average variance extracted (AVE) values was used to assess the validity of study design. The results showed that AVE values were higher than 0.5 for ecosystem condition (AVE = 0.804), fishing effort (AVE = 0.907), total catch (AVE = 0.920), and total income (AVE = 0.885). PPGIS was conducted with 80 participants' survey to map Jakarta's coastal area from 1990 to 2020, indicating a decline in mangroves, ponds, and fishing grounds over the past 30 years and an increase in the size of industrial areas. PLS-SEM analysis showed that positive correlations between ecosystem condition and fishing effort (β = 0.435, p < 0.001), ecosystem condition and total catch (β = 0.576, p < 0.001), fishing effort and total income (β = 0.220, p < 0.01), total catch and total income (β = 0.490, p < 0.001), and ecosystem condition and total income (β = 0.262, p < 0.012). Improved ecosystem conditions will lead to increased catches, fishing efficiency, and income. This study also suggests management strategies involving public participation, co-management, community-driven habitat restoration projects, and participatory environmental impact assessments, which can assist policymakers and stakeholders in managing small-scale coastal fisheries.