A review of recent developments in the imaging of disorders of gut-brain interaction.

A number of factors have been recently associated with the development of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), including genetic predisposition, early-life environment, intestinal microbiota, infection, microinflammation, and increased mucosal permeability. In addition, impaired gastrointestinal motility is important not only as a cause of DGBI but also as a consequent final phenotype. Gastrointestinal motor measurements are the predominant method for the assessment of and therapeutic intervention into motor abnormalities. As such, these measurements should be considered for DGBI patients who do not respond to first-line approaches such as behavioral therapy, dietary modifications, and pharmacotherapy. This comprehensive review focuses on the functional changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract caused by DGBI and describes ongoing attempts to develop imaging modalities to assess these dysfunctions in the esophageal and gastric regions. Recent advances in imaging techniques could help elucidate the pathophysiology of DGBI, with exciting potential for research and clinical practice.