The variation of summer heat resistance was associated with leaf transpiration rate in relatively large-leaf Rhododendron plants in southwest China.

The summer heat is a vital factor limiting the introduction of relatively large-leaf Rhododendron plants to low-altitude areas, making it crucial to evaluate the resistance of different germplasm to summer heat. A pot experiment was conducted in 2023 to investigate the temporal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 14 representative relatively large-leaf Rhododendron germplasm. The results showed the R. irroratum and 'Hotspur Red' exhibited the highest heat damage index (HDI), while R. jiulongshanense and 'Moser Maroon' had the lowest HDI among the 14 Rhododendron germplasm. The photosynthesis rate and F_v/F_m (maximum photochemical efficiency) initially decreased and then recovered in all germplasm except R. irroratum. In contrast, the leaf transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content gradually increased. Hydrogen peroxide concentration first decreased and then increased, while malondialdehyde concentration initially increased and then decreased. Additionally, the superoxide anion content gradually increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase (CAT) initially increased and then decreased. The HDI was positively correlated with CAT activity (r = 0.28, P < 0.05) but negatively correlated with photosynthesis rate (r = -0.26, P < 0.05), leaf transpiration rate (r = -0.27, P < 0.05), and F_v/F_m (r = -0.43, P < 0.001). Variation in summer heat resistance, as indicated by HDI, was observed among the 14 Rhododendron germplasm. This heat resistance was mainly associated with leaf transpiration rate and F_v/F_m. The indirect role of antioxidant enzymes in maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis in summer heat resistance was observed. The results provide a reference for introducing and cultivating relatively large-leaf Rhododendron plants to low-altitude areas.