Progress on wave energy harvesting by adaptively designed triboelectric nanogenerators for marine science

Wave energy, as a rich renewable resource, is essential to advancing the green transformation of energy structures and sustainable development. However, the complexity and variability of real wave environments pose significant challenges to the effective harvesting of energy, especially in the case of low-frequency energy. Therefore, conducting research on adaptive technologies becomes key to ensuring the efficient and stable operation of wave energy conversion devices in varying conditions. This review methodically outlines the recent research progress on the adaptive structure design, environmental adaptability, and energy management circuit of wave energy triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). It explores the challenges present in actual marine environments and their resolution strategies, emphasizing the importance of adaptive research in advancing the development and application of wave energy technologies. This review aims to offer foundational theoretical knowledge and actionable guidance to advance future studies and the practical deployment of wave energy harvesting.