Sharing "off-script": A qualitative analysis of providers' empathic self-disclosures during dignity therapy.

Objectives: Healthcare provider self-disclosures are common although sometimes controversial. Providers have unique opportunities to self-disclose for the purpose of conveying empathic concern during Dignity Therapy sessions. We examine the topics of empathic self-disclosures (ESDs) during Dignity Therapy sessions.

Methods: We analyzed 203 audio-recorded, transcribed Dignity Therapy sessions from a stepped-wedge, randomized trial of Dignity Therapy led by 14 nurses and chaplains in outpatient palliative care. We extracted 117 ESDs across sessions and applied thematic analysis guided by the constant comparative method to generate ESD topic themes and properties.

Results: Providers disclosed ESDs referring to topics of Relationships and Family, Personal Experiences and Characteristics, Cohort Communalities, Location and Geography, and Values. Though each provider led multiple Dignity Therapy sessions in this dataset, providers rarely disclosed the same information to more than one patient. Some disclosures subtly shifted the patient's life review. Providers often acknowledged patients that their self-disclosures were not prescribed elements of Dignity Therapy sessions.

Significance of results: Providers engage in ESD across a range of personal topics in a Dignity Therapy context. Some ESD topics overlapped with those considered appropriate in existing health communication literature. Other topics involved complex or underexamined types of disclosures. While self-disclosures appear to be made with empathic intent, providers undermined the impact of some ESDs by portraying them as unprescribed components of the conversation. More research is needed to assess the positive and negative impacts of ESDs during Dignity Therapy and to support augmentation of Dignity Therapy training protocols to account for providers' ESDs.