Photocarcinogenesis of the skin: Current status and future trends.

Solar radiation is essential for life on Earth but is also a major contributor to skin carcinogenesis. Solar radiation, particularly ultraviolet (UV) B (280-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm), induces photocarcinogenesis via various pathways. UV light can directly cause DNA damage, resulting in genetic mutations if not repaired correctly. UV light can also induce photocarcinogenesis by generating reactive oxygen species, inducing immunosuppression and inflammation. Recently, visible light (400-760 nm) has been shown to contribute to photocarcinogenesis by activating oxidative pathways. In addition to the irradiation dose (fluence, J/m²), UVB irradiance (W/m²) is also considered a factor influencing photocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis and provide strategies to prevent skin cancer.