Bennett Tabaracci, Shraddha Sudhir, Matthew Gauthier, Lindsay Hannigan
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Movements were captured at 100Hz and classified as a throw when the forearm velocity was greater than 800°/second. Peak angular velocity was exported for each throw and total workload was calculated as the median angular velocity multiplied by total throws for each day. Chronic workload was calculated as the rolling 28 days average workload and acute workload was calculated as the average seven-day workload. Acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated for each week. A repeated measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons was used to compare throws, acute workload, and ACWR between weeks. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for all significant differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pitchers averaged 1990.6 ± 881.7 throws throughout preseason at an average angular velocity of 1686.2 ± 334.9 m/s. Acute workload was reduced in Week 4 compared to Week 2 (p=0.018, d=1.73) and week 3 (p=0.007, d =2.30). ACWR was above 1.27 on weeks 1,2,3, and 5. ACWR was significantly reduced in week 4 (0.79) compared to week 3 (1.50; p=0.021, d =0.71).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ACWR was above 1.27 for four of the six weeks of preseason, suggesting that there may be a need to reduce workload and progressively build during the preseason. Clinicians should consider monitoring workload during preseason throwing to decrease risk of chronic overuse injuries.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>2c.</p>","PeriodicalId":47892,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","volume":"20 2","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11788086/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Preseason Workload in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.\",\"authors\":\"Bennett Tabaracci, Shraddha Sudhir, Matthew Gauthier, Lindsay Hannigan\",\"doi\":\"10.26603/001c.128051\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Upper extremity injuries are common in baseball spanning from youth through professional leagues, especially in preseason. Although there are some arbitrary guidelines for number of throws during practices and games, there is no current information on workload during preseason in baseball pitchers.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of throws and workload, as defined by angular velocity, during preseason training in a collegiate baseball season.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive Epidemiology Study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine baseball pitchers wore an inertial measurement unit on the forearm during all preseason training. Movements were captured at 100Hz and classified as a throw when the forearm velocity was greater than 800°/second. Peak angular velocity was exported for each throw and total workload was calculated as the median angular velocity multiplied by total throws for each day. Chronic workload was calculated as the rolling 28 days average workload and acute workload was calculated as the average seven-day workload. Acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated for each week. A repeated measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons was used to compare throws, acute workload, and ACWR between weeks. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for all significant differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pitchers averaged 1990.6 ± 881.7 throws throughout preseason at an average angular velocity of 1686.2 ± 334.9 m/s. Acute workload was reduced in Week 4 compared to Week 2 (p=0.018, d=1.73) and week 3 (p=0.007, d =2.30). ACWR was above 1.27 on weeks 1,2,3, and 5. ACWR was significantly reduced in week 4 (0.79) compared to week 3 (1.50; p=0.021, d =0.71).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ACWR was above 1.27 for four of the six weeks of preseason, suggesting that there may be a need to reduce workload and progressively build during the preseason. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景：上肢损伤在棒球运动中很常见，从青少年到职业联赛，尤其是在季前赛。虽然在训练和比赛中有一些随意的投球次数指导方针，但目前还没有关于棒球投手季前赛工作量的信息。假设/目的：本研究的目的是在大学棒球赛季的季前赛训练中，量化投球次数和工作量，以角速度定义。研究设计：描述性流行病学研究。方法：9名棒球投手在季前赛训练中在前臂上佩戴惯性测量装置。当前臂速度大于800°/秒时，以100Hz的频率捕捉动作并归类为投掷。输出每次投掷的峰值角速度，并计算总工作量为中位数角速度乘以每天的总投掷。慢性工作量按滚动28天平均工作量计算，急性工作量按平均7天工作量计算。每周计算急慢性工作负荷比（ACWR）。使用两两比较的重复测量方差分析来比较周间投掷、急性工作量和ACWR。计算所有显著差异的科恩效应量。结果：在整个季前赛中，投手平均投球次数为1990.6±881.7次，平均角速度为1686.2±334.9 m/s。与第2周（p=0.018, d=1.73）和第3周（p=0.007, d= 2.30）相比，第4周急性工作量减少。第1、2、3、5周ACWR均大于1.27。与第3周相比，第4周ACWR显著降低（0.79）(1.50；P =0.021, d =0.71)。结论：在季前赛的6周中，有4周的ACWR大于1.27，提示在季前赛期间可能需要减少工作量并逐步建立。临床医生应考虑监测季前投掷的工作量，以减少慢性过度使用损伤的风险。证据等级：2c。
Preseason Workload in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers.
Background: Upper extremity injuries are common in baseball spanning from youth through professional leagues, especially in preseason. Although there are some arbitrary guidelines for number of throws during practices and games, there is no current information on workload during preseason in baseball pitchers.
Hypothesis/purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of throws and workload, as defined by angular velocity, during preseason training in a collegiate baseball season.
Study design: Descriptive Epidemiology Study.
Methods: Nine baseball pitchers wore an inertial measurement unit on the forearm during all preseason training. Movements were captured at 100Hz and classified as a throw when the forearm velocity was greater than 800°/second. Peak angular velocity was exported for each throw and total workload was calculated as the median angular velocity multiplied by total throws for each day. Chronic workload was calculated as the rolling 28 days average workload and acute workload was calculated as the average seven-day workload. Acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated for each week. A repeated measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons was used to compare throws, acute workload, and ACWR between weeks. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for all significant differences.
Results: The pitchers averaged 1990.6 ± 881.7 throws throughout preseason at an average angular velocity of 1686.2 ± 334.9 m/s. Acute workload was reduced in Week 4 compared to Week 2 (p=0.018, d=1.73) and week 3 (p=0.007, d =2.30). ACWR was above 1.27 on weeks 1,2,3, and 5. ACWR was significantly reduced in week 4 (0.79) compared to week 3 (1.50; p=0.021, d =0.71).
Conclusion: ACWR was above 1.27 for four of the six weeks of preseason, suggesting that there may be a need to reduce workload and progressively build during the preseason. Clinicians should consider monitoring workload during preseason throwing to decrease risk of chronic overuse injuries.
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