From lead–acid batteries to perovskite solar cells – efficient recycling of Pb-containing materials†

The most efficient and stable perovskite solar cells typically contain lead compounds as a key component in the light-absorbing layer. To advance the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics, it is crucial to address sustainability concerns regarding the use of toxic lead. In this work, we have developed a straightforward lead recycling pathway that converts lead compounds from lead–acid batteries into lead iodide. Purity analyses of the resulting lead iodide and the direct fabrication of perovskite solar cells demonstrate that the recycled lead iodide matches the quality of commercially available products. Most importantly, establishing this efficient lead recycling process not only supports sustainable recycling and resource utilization in a circular materials flow but also promotes the future development of perovskite photovoltaics.