An overview of multi-modal sensing systems and the potential of ISAC technologies in SHM

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is vital for ensuring the safety and durability of infrastructure. Conventional SHM systems, which rely on various sensors to track deformations and vibrations in steel and concrete structures, often face challenges such as complex installation and labor-intensive, time-consuming monitoring processes. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology offers a transformative solution by enabling dense sensing networks without the need for additional installations. In this paper, we classify current SHM systems into two key approaches to leverage ISAC: the image assessment method, which evaluates structural safety through scanning and imaging techniques, and the reference point assessment method, which monitors specific points within a structure to assess its overall health. We review recent advancements in both approaches, identify limitations in existing SHM systems, and examine how ISAC can address these challenges. Additionally, we propose future research directions to enhance the integration of ISAC into SHM, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize infrastructure safety monitoring.