数据驱动的旧石器时代中晚期过渡和尼安德特人争论的范式转变

João Zilhão , Francesco d’Errico , William E. Banks , Nicolas Teyssandier
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引用次数: 0

摘要

根据来自巴尔干半岛南部和中欧的形态学上无法诊断的人类遗骸,有人认为Bachokirian和Ranisian工业代表现代人类,起源于近东的IUP(早期旧石器时代),出现于约45,000年前。与此同时,西伯利亚和中亚也可能被IUP现代人到达,在这个过程中,西欧的尼安德特人可能已经适应了文化,这解释了在chaltelperronian中看到的创新(即身体装饰)。然而,目前IUP标签的使用混淆了术语,并掩盖了由沉积前后干扰引起的关联问题,基因组模式与骨骼形态无关,巴霍基里安人和拉尼西亚人的祖先是尼安德特人,他们生活在这些技术综合体开始日期之后的许多世纪,拉尼西亚人的一个遗址Spy(比利时)的尼安德特人也是如此。此外,与乌鲁孜阶、原aurignacian和Ahmarian相关的化石的地层来源和分类亲和力尚不确定。前者与chaltelperronian是同一时代的,后两者出现的时间不早于~ 41500年前,年龄大致相同的足够完整的化石是马赛克解剖和混合祖先。对于欧亚大陆西部,我们的研究支持同化模型,即一万年的文化发展趋同和学术交流的增加,在一个复杂的进化和历史过程的初始(尼安德特人)和最终(克鲁马努人)阶段建立了桥梁。总之,观察到的多样性不能简化为分类学上的二分法。由于人类生物学在连续空间中变化,物质文化在离散空间中变化,这两个领域之间不可能存在一对一的对应关系。推进我们对旧石器时代中晚期过渡的理解需要抛弃过时的框架,充分接受地语学的观点和遗传学的潜力,以处理社区、人口和短期历史方面的证据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Data‐Driven Paradigm Shift for the Middle‐to‐Upper Palaeolithic Transition and the Neandertal Debate
Based on morphologically undiagnostic human remains from the southern Balkans and central Europe, it has been argued that the Bachokirian and Ranisian industries stand for modern humans, have roots in the IUP (Initial Upper Palaeolithic) of the Near East, and emerge ∼45,000 years ago. Coevally, Siberia and Central Asia would also have been reached by IUP moderns and, in the process, Western Europe’s Neandertals would have been acculturated, explaining the innovations (namely, body ornamentation) seen in the Châtelperronian. However, current usage of the IUP label confuses terminology and conceals issues of association raised by syn- and post-depositional disturbance, genomic patterns do not correlate with skeletal morphology, and the people of the Bachokirian and the Ranisian had Neandertal ancestors who lived many centuries after those technocomplexes’ start dates, as did a Neandertal from Spy (Belgium), a site of the Ranisian. Moreover, the stratigraphic provenience and taxonomic affinity of the fossils associated with the Uluzzian, the Protoaurignacian, and the Ahmarian are uncertain. The former is coeval with the Châtelperronian, the latter two emerge no earlier than ∼41,500 years ago, and the sufficiently complete fossils of broadly the same age are of mosaic anatomy and mixed ancestry. For western Eurasia, our review supports the Assimilation model, whereby ten millennia of converging cultural developments and increased demic interaction bridge the initial (Neandertal) and final (Cro-Magnon) terms of a complex evolutionary and historical process. Throughout, the observed diversity cannot be reduced to a taxonomic dichotomy. As human biology varied in a continuous space and material culture varied in a discrete space, no one-to-one correspondence between the two domains can exist. Advancing our understanding of the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition requires abandoning outdated frameworks and fully embracing the taphonomic perspective and the potential of genetics to approach the evidence in terms of communities, populations, and short-term history.
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