Applications and perspectives of Ti3C2Tx MXene in electrochemical energy storage systems

The rapid evolution of electrochemical energy storage systems demands advanced materials that combine high electrical conductivity, controlled surface chemistry, and structural stability. This review examines the recent developments in Ti₃C₂T_x MXene synthesis, structural properties, and applications in energy storage devices. We analyze various preparation methods, including traditional HF etching, safer fluoride-free alternatives, and emerging green synthesis routes, highlighting their impact on material quality and scalability. The review explores the critical role of surface termination groups and interlayer spacing in determining electrochemical performance, with particular emphasis on the material's exceptional electrical conductivity (up to 20,000 S/cm) and tunable work function (1.6–6.25 eV). Detailed examination of composite formation techniques and interface engineering reveals significant improvements in device performance across multiple applications, including lithium-ion batteries achieving specific capacities of 3500 mAh/g with Si composite, lithium-sulfur batteries demonstrating strong polysulfide binding energies (>1.4 eV), and supercapacitors exhibiting volumetric capacitances exceeding 1000 F/cm³ . Recent breakthroughs in electrode design and material optimization have led to enhanced stability with some composite maintaining 90 % capacity retention over 2000 cycles and demonstrating rate capabilities up to 100 C in various energy storage applications. The integration of novel fabrication approaches and strategic material combinations continues to expand the potential applications of this versatile material in next-generation energy storage technologies.