A measure and the related models for characterizing the usage of academic journal

Based on the underlying usage data given by the Web of Science, we establish a novel metric, termed U_h-index for multi-dimensional assessment of academic journals. Our research objectively examines the empirical and theoretical dimensions of the U_h-index, assessing its validity and potential use in scientific evaluation. For this study, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the U_h-index for 1,603 journals across the fields of physics, chemistry, economics, and management, and explored potential theory models. It reveals that the U_h-index, as a literature metric based on usage data, is more sensitive and discriminatory compared to the h-index, which relies solely on citation data. Additionally, the U_h-index and paper usage data were consistent with both the Glänzel–Schubert and the power-law model. It indicates that the U_h index, as an impact observatory index, aligns with the fundamental principles of scientific knowledge dissemination, thereby holding significant scientific value. It facilitates the quantification of dissemination characteristics of core articles in journals, laying the foundation for a novel approach to categorizing and evaluating journals based on both theoretical orientation and practical application. Finally, from a multidimensional research evaluation perspective, the U_h index offers a transitional dimension for observation, bridging the gap between academic citations and the broader dissemination of research through on social media.