Promoting decarbonization in waste and energy sectors in Delhi (India) through circular economy and resource recovery: A low carbon transition towards renewable energy

This study explores the potential of decarbonizing the waste and energy sectors in Delhi, India, through the application of Circular Economy (CE) principles and resource recovery strategies. By utilizing a low-carbon transition framework, we propose an integrated model that combines WtE technologies with renewable energy generation, contributing to sustainable urban development and climate change mitigation. A novel "Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Recycle, and Recover" (6 R) methodolog based on system dynamics modeling is used to assess the energy potential and emission reductions from municipal solid waste (MSW) management and methane (CH₄) recovery in landfills. The study demonstrates that optimizing the CE approach, including strategies like waste recycling, resource recovery, and biogas production, can significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve energy security in Delhi. Key findings show that integrating CE principles can lead to a reduction in carbon emissions by up to 25 % over the next decade, while generating substantial renewable energy, potentially meeting 4.92 * 10⁹ kWh of electricity, equivalent to 15 % of Delhi's annual energy demand. The novel aspect of this research lies in its multi-sectoral integration, combining waste management, energy recovery, and economic modeling to quantify the environmental and energy benefits. The study underscores the importance of aligning policy, business practices, and technological innovation in promoting a CE at the urban scale. The broader implications of this work suggest that Delhi’s experience can serve as a blueprint for other cities in developing economies, highlighting how integrated resource recovery systems can drive sustainable energy transitions and climate resilience.