The impact of probiotics on oral cancer: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies

Oral cancer, especially oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), represents a major global health concern, with its notable increase in incidence, especially among younger populations. The disease is multifactorial, with risk factors including tobacco and alcohol use, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that provide health benefits, have gained attention as a potential approach for modulating the oral microbiome and reducing the risk of oral cancer. This review examines the mechanisms through which probiotics demonstrate anticancer properties, such as binding to and breaking down mutagenic substances, reducing gut pH via the production of short-chain fatty acids, and strengthening the immune response of the host. Specific probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have demonstrated potential in managing oral cancer and its treatment-related complications, such as oral mucositis. Clinical trials suggest that probiotics could act as valuable complementary agents to conventional cancer treatments, enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. Despite the promising findings, challenges remain in standardizing probiotic formulations and understanding strain-specific effects. Future research should focus on personalized probiotic therapies and innovative delivery systems to enhance their efficacy in oral cancer management. This narrative review emphasizes the potential of probiotics in the prevention and management of oral cancer, showcasing their contribution to oral health and their utility as biomarkers for early diagnosis.