Recent advancements in novel electrochemical sensors for disease-associated molecule determination

Disease-associated molecules (biomarkers) provide clinically important information for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases common in society, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and infectious diseases. Reliable sensor platforms are required for sensitive, rapid, and selective determination of these molecules in biological fluids. Electrochemical sensors are popular options used effectively to determine many analytes in complex matrices to meet this need. One of the key points in assay of these clinically important molecules is to obtain sensitive responses even at low concentrations. Therefore, integration with materials such as nanomaterials, composites, carbon-based materials, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is widely applied to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors. Another essential expectation in determining disease-related molecules is the ability to perform point-of-care analysis with portable devices. This way, it is possible to obtain results that the patient can follow and convey to healthcare professionals without losing time. This review discusses the most current and novel electrochemical sensor approaches in disease-associated molecule determination. These studies were overviewed regarding the relevant disease, sensor type, electrochemical method, linear range, LOD, sample, and recovery values. This review aims to shed light on current studies in this field and provide researchers with a resource for future applications.