Dynamic surface tension of polymer–surfactant mixtures at water–gas interfaces

Mixtures of polymers and surfactants in water are versatile systems used in formulating foams across a spectrum of industries, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and oil, among others. The kinetic mechanisms governing the transfer of surfactant (S) and polymer (P) molecules, as well as their complexes (PS), from bulk to the interface, are pivotal in both the production and stabilization of aqueous foams. Despite its critical role, dynamic surface tension of PS mixtures remains relatively underexplored. This article aims to critically review the literature regarding our current understanding of the adsorption dynamics of polymer–surfactant mixtures at the air–solution interface. Special emphasis will be placed on the kinetics of adsorption during short, far-from-equilibrium times, which are crucial in determining the foamability of a system. The article will highlight the significance of P–S interactions and dynamics in the bulk for a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption dynamics at fluid interfaces.