Navigating political opportunity structures: Street traders’ associations and collective action in politically volatile urban environments

This paper examines how street traders’ associations in Harare (Zimbabwe) mobilize and organize to defend the interests of traders operating in a politically volatile urban environment. Using Political Opportunity Structure (POS) theory, we explore how external political dynamics, and institutional constraints shape the strategies and outcomes of these associations. Drawing on qualitative research, including interviews with municipal officials, civil society leaders and focus groups with street traders, the findings reveal that while some associations engage in episodic activism, responding to immediate crises like harassment or eviction, their efforts often lack sustained impact. This is due to challenges in maintaining legitimacy, fostering long-term member engagement, and navigating a politically polarized context. Although their actions lead to incremental gains, they fail to catalyze structural changes in urban policy or planning. The fragmentation and political polarization within the associations weaken their bargaining power to influence policy agendas or propose alternative policy models for negotiation with urban authorities. Moving forward, establishing a legally recognized, non-partisan, and inclusive citywide umbrella organization could strengthen collective mobilization efforts, address structural barriers, leverage political opportunities, and facilitate more effective engagement with urban governance processes.