Montane Seasonal and Elevational Precipitation Gradients in the Southern Rockies of Alberta, Canada

Modelling precipitation inputs in mountainous terrain is challenging for water resource managers given sparse monitoring sites and complex physical hydroclimatic processes. Government of Alberta weather station uncorrected and bias-corrected precipitation datasets were used to examine elevational precipitation gradients (EPGs) and seasonality of EPGs for six South-Saskatchewan River headwater sites (alpine, sub-alpine, valley). January EPG from valley to alpine sites (730 m elevation difference) using uncorrected precipitation was 19 mm/100 m. Corrected EPG was approximately three times greater (61 mm/100 m). The valley received more precipitation than the alpine (inverse EPG) in late spring and summer. A seasonal signal was present whereby all sites demonstrated 50%–70% lower summertime precipitation relative to winter months, with the greatest seasonal variance at the alpine site. Winter watershed-level spatialized precipitation volume was compared to modelled snow water equivalent (SWE) associated with two late-winter airborne lidar surveys. Uncorrected volumes (2020: 64.0 × 10⁶m³, 2021: 63.2 × 10⁶m³) were slightly higher than modelled mean SWE (2020: 51.6 × 10⁶m³, 2021: 44.2 × 10⁶m³) whereas bias-corrected (2020: 120.5 × 10⁶m³, 2021: 119.7 × 10⁶m³) almost doubled the estimate. Corrected precipitation is assumed closer to the true value. Cumulative sublimation, evaporation and snowmelt losses result in ground-level snowpack yield that deviates from total atmospheric precipitation in an increasingly negative manner. The 2020/2021 simulations suggest wintertime atmospheric precipitation exceeds late-winter snowpack accumulation by up to 57% and 63%, respectively. A loss of 16 × 10⁶m³ (7%) watershed SWE from the alpine zone was partially attributed to redistribution downslope to the treeline-ecotone. Physical snowpack losses from sublimation and melt, or modelling uncertainty due to precipitation correction and alpine snow-density uncertainties can also contribute to observed discrepancies between in situ SWE and cumulative precipitation. Ignoring bias-correction in headwater precipitation estimates can greatly impact headwater precipitation volume estimates and ignoring EPG seasonality is likely to result in under-estimated winter and over-estimated summer yields.